Propeller Aircraft Past Present And Future Technologies Engineering Essay

Propeller Aircraft retiring(a) Present And Future Technologies Engineering EssayThis is a preliminary root word for a project on Propeller aircraft, it aims to show the past, present and proximo technologies used on propellor driven aircraft. The introduction gives a skeleton history of propellor engine ontogeny. After which objectives section apologises what this give give away hopes to fulfill by the end of this project. Few of the main objectives include, highlighting the advancements in propellor blade blueprints and propeller engines, and detailing the future technologies currently in increment regarding propeller aircraft. Also it is intends to explain the argument why propeller aircraft ar better suited for inter urban center travel when comp ard to jet aircraft collect to everyplaceall get environmental pollution.This cross then describes the tasks that need to be carried expose in order to bring this project to a whilely conclusion, the progress that ha s been make to term and finally limitations regarding this project argon outlined and mitigating strategies discussed.Table of confineWord Count = 21331 IntroductionPropeller aircraft fork up generate a capacious vogue since the early solar days of roach cant over wooden propellers that were used by the Wright brothers on the Wright Flyer. These propellers were not very effectual as they were fixed tip, which meant that they were only optimum in at unrivaled(a) engine cannonball along. I.e. either they were good for takeoff tho the angle was not right for cruise or they were optimum at cruise but not efficient during takeoff due to high slippage. attend 1 shows some examples of fixed pitch propellers o distinguishable designs.Figure 1, Examples of fixed pitch propellers. Available Online at http//www.airfieldmodels.com/ entropy_source/model_aircraft_engines/propellers.htm Accessed 2 tertiary November 20101.2 Historical DevelopmentsIn the new 1920s we saw the devel oping of build adjusted metal propeller this allowed for better efficiency as blade angles could be win overd due to the topical anaesthetic weather conditions and the assorted type of aircraft they were be used on. Figure 2 shows a reasonableness adaptable metal propeller.Figure 2, Ground adjustable propeller.Available Online at http//www.legend.aero/options3.asp Accessed 27th November 2010These alike became outdated by the development of ceaseless speed propeller system, which allowed you to change the pitch of the propeller blades during ground or in passage and this system continues to be used veritable(a) today. Other improvements of propeller designs from 1930s through World War II included the feathering of the propeller for multi engine aircraft in case one engine became inoperative during flight and reversing propeller systems that allowed for shorter landing distances and greater ground manoeuvrability.(Delp, 1979)In recent times we pay seen the development of composite blades, which argon lighter, stronger and more durable then metal blades and be controlled by constant variable pitch changing appliance which offer optimum efficiency.As the design of the propeller blades brook been changing constantly so has the way these propellers have been powered, from the early piston engines to the turbo-propeller plane engines of current times for each one change ensuring better performance and more efficient propeller aircraft. though the development of the Jet engine in the 1930s by Sir hound Whittle, an RAF serviceman was suppose to change the game plan for propeller aircraft as turbofan engines were perceived to be the only future, propjet engines have defied those expectations and are still continued to be used till today.The reason for this is that they return pocketimum efficiency in low altitude, short range flights much(prenominal) as city hopper jets. These are usually operated from smaller airports and then the short takeoff and landing (STOL) characteristic of these aircraft gives them the edge over the turbojets. They are also more enkindle economical when compared to their turbofan counterparts as the last mentioned burn high quantity of fuel during takeoff and climb out phases and are usually optimum for long range, high altitude flights, due to this they are also ideal as fright carrier aircraft. So for these reasons turboprops continued to be used by many airlines for short snap flights, and hence therefore continue to defy the prediction of those sceptic batch who said that propeller aircraft would die out as turbofans were the clear crop future of civil aviation. Figure 3 shows a modern day constant speed, composite bladed turboprop aircraft, from this we can how the design of the blades and pitch changing apparatuss have evolved from the early wooden and metal props.http//images.asme.org/MEMagazine/Articles/2009/celestial latitudeember/21224.jpgFigure 3, Constant Speed Propeller, Availabl e Online at http//images.asme.org/MEMagazine/Articles/2009/December/21224.jpg Accessed 1st Dec 2010)2 AimsThe aim of this project is to provide an in depth reputation of the development of propeller aircraft and their associated benefits over jet aircraft. To highlight why turboprops are best for inter city travel and their relative environmental bushel when compared to turbojets, this forget be done by analysing the statistical figures for their fuel efficiency, the just fuel emissions per person and the noise emissions of the two types of aircraft from this one get out be able to come to the conclusion that which of these type of aircraft are best to subdue the environmental impact of air travel. Also the past, present and future technologies for propeller aircraft will be discussed and presented to the reader clearly explaining their benefits.2.2 ObjectivesThe objectives of this report are listed below and explain the issues that this report is going to investigate and the findings it will show.To explore the development of the propeller engines from the early piston engines through to the modern day turboprops.To go steady how propeller blades have developed over the years from the early wooden to the composite blades of today, including studying the development of variable pitch changing mechanism that has significantly increase propeller efficiency in each polar flight phase.To highlight the benefits of propeller engines over jet engines for inter city travel aircraft and freight carriers.To investigate the fuel efficiency and noise emissions of different types of propeller aircraft, in particular turboprop.To investigate the future technology creation developed using propeller aircraft, such as the equal to(p) rotor concept that was first studied in the 1980s by full frequent Electrics and NASA due to the last round of high fuel prices.To highlight the benefits and drawbacks of typical propeller A/C designs, such as the tilt-rotor techno logy that is busy on the Boeing-Bell V22 Osprey.To analyse future methods and procedures that could be used to reduce the environmental impact of propeller aircraft such as external noise suppression, synchrophasing of propeller blades and active noise control.To investigate the different fluid moral force studies that have been carried out on various different propeller designs to show which design is the most(prenominal) efficient and why.3 Analysis of tasksTo achieve the objectives of this report gigantic research on propeller aircraft will be carried out, especially regarding turboprops. A performance database listing all the ideas for major turboprop aircraft that are being used in commercial and military environments will be constructed. This will make it easy to compare the performances of different turboprop aircraft against one other of different category and weight i.e. their fuel consumption, ceiling height, max speed etc. In order to highlight the benefits of turbop rops for intercity travel, turbojets used for the same routes will also be looked at, in order to give a organise comparison.To investigate the development of propeller engines, propeller blades and the pitch changing mechanism the following textbooks will be used amongst othersAircraft Propellers and Controls, Delp, Frank, 1979Powerplant Textbook, Jeppesen, 2002Jet and Turbine Aero engines, Gunston, Bill, 1997As intimately as these books other sources such as the internet and aircraft magazines are to be used. The internet will be the main source of information for this report as it contains vast amount of data and archives related to propeller aircraft and their development, information that otherwise would be hard to find. After the research is end into each part it will be collated into one report. The main findings from this report are expected to show whether propeller aircraft or jet aircraft have lower environmental impact during short haul flights.Future technologies inv olving turboprop engines will also be included in particular the development of the General Electrics GE36 at large(p) rotor engine of the 1980s which gave us increased fuel efficiency. Figure 4 shows a GE36 on a NASA footrace rig. The major drawbacks for this design such as noise, vibration issues will also be discussed in the view of reducing environmental pollution.(Open rotor engine, 2008) word-paintingFigure 4, Open Rotor Engine Online Available athttp//www.greencarcongress.com/2008/07/cfm-introduces.htmlAccessed 3rd December 2010)The fluid dynamic studies involving different propeller designs will be looked at to see which blade design is the most efficient and to explain the reason behind this. If time permits Solidworks will be used to affect fluid kinetics on at least two different blade designs to confirm these findings.4 Gantt Chart5 Current berth of the projectResearch has been carried out using various internet sites and information has been gathered on the develop ment of propeller engines, the blades construction and the pitch change mechanism used on propeller aircraft. Also a database appraisal of different props that are currently in use somewhat the world is being constructed, detailing information such as range, max payload, max ceiling etc this will be used to validate why propeller aircraft are more economical for short haul flight when compared to jet aircraft.Research on the ultra high bypass (prop fan) open rotor concept has shown that the new designs by using titanium, lightweight inoffensive steel and composite materials offer 15 percent better fuel economy then some leading turbofan engines. The designers for this engine have achieved 301 bypass ratio, by employing single or double propellers with composite blades that have 12 to 15 feet diameter. As composite blades are lighter, they allow for safer operation at higher speeds. But the disadvantages of noise, vibration and attention issues cannot be simply overlooked. This i nformation has helped to clarify why this design has the strength for success but also why it is still a long way to becoming a reality.(Jeppesen, 2002)The Bombardier Q400 (Q standing for Quiet) was looked at and shows that this new propagation turboprop aircraft produces 30 percent less fuel emissions and is said to be more efficient then an average car, when calculated on per rider basis. It also employs a revolutionary Active Noise and Vibration retrenchment system that prevents noise and vibration from entering the cabin.(Bombardiers Greener Turboprop, 2008)6 Discussion findingThe research that has been conducted up to now is generic to say the least, but it does interbreed most of the objectives that are listed for this report. Nonetheless, more specific research is needed regarding points such as the future development of propeller engines especially the open rotor concept and the potential noise suppression techniques being studied for turboprop aircraft. Research regar ding the last two points will have to be conducted over the Christmas holidays as much more information is needed, whilst it is to be ensured that enough time is also taken out for revision for end of semester exams straight after the holidays.In view of the time constraints the study on fluid dynamics of propeller blades using computer software Solidworks will be carried out towards the end of the project, this is to ensure that main objectives of this project are covered as it is assumed that it will take time to get used to in operation(p) this software. The purpose of this part is to show which propeller blade shape is most efficient and why.Due to the secrecy of manufacturers regarding their new and exclusive products, especially in the aircraft industry it is presumed that it will be difficult to get up to date information such as figures and stats for developing technologies such as the open rotor engine being developed by GE and NASA. on with the already developed tilt-rot or military AC from Boeing-Bell, so therefore general information that is available in the public domain such as on the internet will be used, but the drawback to this is that this information big businessman not be 100% accurate and sometimes cannot be verified. at last if this report is to be completed on schedule to meet its set objectives then the above mentioned points in this section should be sufficiently communicate on the earliest opportunity to allow time for the fluid dynamic research.