New Generation of a Mobile Primary Frequency Standard

New Generation of a Mobile Primary Frequency measurementNew generation of a mobile primary frequence standard establish on chilly atomsS T Mller 1, J de Martin Jnior 1, R D Pechoneri 1, P Santa Catharina1, V S Bagnato2 and D V Magalhes1Abstract. We have constructed a mobile primary frequency standard apply intra-cavity cold cesium atoms and the first results shown the advantages of using this kind of system compared to cesium beam standards. Based on an expanding cloud of atoms, it has no stringent size limitations and one understructure imagine the possibility of a clock even more compact. In order to assemble a new system even smaller, we are develop a system containing lasers, microwave source and cavity in a single box. The mobile atomic standard based on cold atoms is an outstanding contribution to a primary standard of high relevance, and a possible strategic product with a broad range of applications.IntroductionWith exceptional accuracy, atomic clocks have applicatio ns in several fields of modern fundamental physics 1. They allow not only to investigate the macroscopic scales theories like theory of relativity or gravitation, but also to know better the microscopic world, in atomic scale, thanks to quantum mechanics. Two of the main applications are navigation and telecommunication systems, and atomic references are the heart of the most advanced navigation system, satellite constellations positioning like GPS, GLONASS, and Beidou 2.Most of the high performance time standards require an extremely labyrinthian construction and operation, but the size of these systems makes them incompatible with some applications, which require a compromise between size and performance. These include space and industrial applications, such as telecommunication lines, mobile telephone networks or internet, calibration of instruments, dissemination of local time references with good quality, etc.The Atomic Time and frequency Standard syllabus under development at USP So Carlos 3 has two main atomic frequency standards being developed, an atomic fountain 4 and a system based in a cold atomic cloud in free expansion 5. Besides those experimental standards, our facility has commercial atomic clocks and a hydrogen maser.The theoretical and experimental knowledge acquired with these standards are now employed in the development of a mobile atomic frequency standard, which should maintain the aforementioned(prenominal) level of stability and accuracy of the experimental apparatuss. To ensure the mobility of the system, new diode laser sources, microwave synthesizer, vacuum and control systems are being redesigned.Experimental setup and temporal episodeThe aim of this project is the construction of a cold atoms compact frequency standard that works in an innovative way, since the steps of the sequence occur in the same place, within a microwave cavity. For the physical package we use a cylindrical cavity, sculpted in a faultless steel vacu um chamber and resonant in 9.2 GHz. This operation mode allows us to design a much more compact system than a conventional cold atoms clock, where the various interactions are in different parts of the instrument. Therefore, the compactness of the clock is achieved through a sequence purely temporal. The most pertinent steps can be seen in Figure 1.The temporal sequence of the compact frequency standard can be divided in four-spot well defined steps (see figure 1), as follows(Step 1)Trapping atoms in a magneto optical trap (MOT)In this stage is possible to capture 108 atoms using magnetic field and three counter-propagating pairs of laser beams (MOT) 6. This is important to catch up the atoms together in the same spatial region, forming a cold cloud, and to remove a huge portion of the clouds kinetic energy. In this step the atomic cloud attains very low temperatures and becomes more stable. The cycling alteration is used, and repumping is through using the transition.(Step 2) Sub-Doppler Cooling and the PreparationAfter the first reduction of the kinetic energy, the system passes from MOT configuration to optical molasses by switching off the period supply of the magnetic field. Simultaneously, the atomic cloud is cooled even more, changing the intensity and detuning of the laser beams with acousto-optical modulators, reaching levels below 10 K. In order to prepare the atoms in their fusee electronic state , the repumping light is switched off 5 ms before shutting off the cooling light. During this interval, optical pumping efficiently transfers the atoms to the required ground state.(Step 3) The clock transition interrogationNow, the cold atoms are in a single initial state and after the total shutdown of the lasers beams, the cloud starts a free expansion. During the expansion the atoms are interrogated in a Ramsey sequence 7, consisting of two coherent microwave pulses with 1ms of duration and separated by 8ms. These pulses excite the clock transit ion between the two hyperfine levels .(Step 4) The DetectionTo detect the atoms that have transitioned to the level after the two microwave pulses, the light beams originally used as a cooling laser are turned back on for 40 ms, and the fluorescence signal is collected.Once the resonance is detect, it can be used as a frequency discriminator. The transition probability difference of two successive measurement acts as an error signal used to control the local oscillator frequency.ResultsFigure 2 presents a typical conk out of the microwave frequency across the clock resonance in our device 5. Using the Ramsey fringe of Figure 2, we can scan around the central fringe to determine the linewidth with a theoretical fitting (Figure 3), obtaining a value of 47 Hz. The contrast is better than 80% (where the contrast is defined as a difference between resonance amplitude and background).To measure the frequency stability of the system is necessary to lock the central resonance observed on figure 3 to the microwave chain (macroscopic oscillator). The microwave chain on the other hand is phase locked to the 5 MHz output of the henry Maser. The modulation of the frequency is controlled by a computer, which also register the introduced correction to nutrition the interrogation signal at its maximum.The stability observed is , as presented in Figure 4, demonstrating that this compact cold atom frequency standard can reach performances better than commercial beam clocks, which typically have short time stabilities on the range of 10-11 10-12.The advantage of cold atoms in such compact system can be easily observed if compared with commercial thermal Cs beam clocks. The long term stability already surpasses the currently used commercial standards and the clock transition linewidth is on the order of 50 Hz for our system, stave the same resolution can be achieved only with a thermal system that has some meters in the interrogation region (26 Hz for a 4 m long interrogat ion region 8).GMD1 Reducing the system muckleWe actually envisage a more compact system, mounting the apparatus in a single block. This should be done keeping all the necessary processes to produce a frequency standard signal.4.1. The macroscopic oscillatorA fundamental peck of the atomic standard, it corresponds to the signal that generates the time reference. The feedback from the atoms interrogated with its signal closes the loop for the atomic frequency reference. It should be as small as possible, but still taking into accounting system some parameters as temperature deviations 9, 10. To achieve reliable performance, we will use PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control and peltier elements as actuators.4.2. Lasers DiodeThe use of laser diodes is fundamental in the system. They should keep a very low effective linewidth, in order to not degrade the SNR of the clock transition. In the limit of high resolution spectroscopy, the laser hinderance can add a significant parc el to the overall budget of noise contributions.4.3. General go of the SystemCareful control of all the steps of the clockwork (trap, sub-doppler cooling, interrogation and detection) is mandatory. In each cycle the microwave source is corrected, and the steps consist of well synchronized events, such as laser light frequency shifts, pulsing of the microwave signal, triggered signal detection and processing of the atomic fluorescence 11.ConclusionsWe have developed a compact system to be used as a mobile reference for frequency signals. We managed to cool 108 atoms at 10 K in a microwave cavity and after the Ramsey interrogation the detection by fluorescence is applied. The core idea is the use of cold atoms as a high performance and reliable clock source. We have been working in the reduction of volume to make an embeddable prototype, in order to maintain the high quality characteristics necessary for the operation of such device.ReferencesJespersen J and Fitz-Randolph J 1999 From sundials to atomic clocks (Mineola Dover Publications)Ramsey N F 2002 Application of atomic clocks in Laser physics at the limits, ed Figger H. et al (Berlin Springer) p 3Ahmed M, Magalhes D V, Bebeachibuli A, Mller S T, Alves R F, Ortega T A, Weiner J and Bagnato V S 2008 The brazilian time and frequency atomic standards program An Acad Bras Cienc 80, 2Magalhes D V 2004 Construo de uma fountain atmica para utilizao como padro primrio de tempo Doctorade thesisMller S T, Magalhes D V, Alves R F and Bagnato V S 2011 Compact Frequency Standard based on an Intracavity Sample of Cold Cesium AtomsJ. Opt. Soc. Am. B 28 11 p 2592Metcalf H and Van Der Straten P 2003 Laser cooling and trapping of atoms J.Opt. Soc. Am. 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